See cunnen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "can"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "con"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cun"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "could"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cunning"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "canny"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "can"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cunning"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "canna"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "cou"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:cunnan"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kunnaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kunnan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"cunnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cunnen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"cunnen\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cunnan"
},
"expansion": "Old English cunnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kunnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kunnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kunnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kunnaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English cunnan, from Proto-West Germanic *kunnan, from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną.\nPast forms with /d/ (continued in modern could) are due to the influence of the weak past ending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "can",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "coud",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "canst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "couthest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "coust",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "couthen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "couden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cunneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "coud",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "conne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "connen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "kanne",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cunnen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can",
"2": "cunnynge",
"3": "coude",
"4": "coud"
},
"expansion": "cunnen (third-person singular simple present can, present participle cunnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative coude, past participle coud)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "can",
"2": "couth",
"2a": "coud",
"3": "cunn",
"imp_p3": "canne",
"p3": "canne",
"p_2s2": "coust",
"p_part": "cunned",
"p_part2": "coud",
"sub2": "canne",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 37 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 24 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To know about (especially a domain of knowledge)"
],
"id": "en-cunnen-enm-verb-QOZSM7DX",
"links": [
[
"know",
"know"
],
[
"about",
"about"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 37 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 24 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be able to; to have the capability (to do); can."
],
"id": "en-cunnen-enm-verb-xbx6VNHd",
"links": [
[
"be able to",
"be able to"
],
[
"capability",
"capability"
],
[
"can",
"can"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) To be able to; to have the capability (to do); can."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 37 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 24 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 25 44",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 19 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To be able to do in the relevant situation; to be available to do."
],
"id": "en-cunnen-enm-verb-27XtgpH1",
"links": [
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"available",
"available"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) To be able to do in the relevant situation; to be available to do."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkunən/"
}
],
"word": "cunnen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English preterite-present verbs",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃-",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English verbs",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "can"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "con"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cun"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "could"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "cunning"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "canny"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "can"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cun"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "cunning"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "canna"
},
{
"lang": "Yola",
"lang_code": "yol",
"word": "cou"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:cunnan"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kunnaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*kunnan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"cunnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"cunnen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"cunnen\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "cunnan"
},
"expansion": "Old English cunnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kunnan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kunnan",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kunnaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kunnaną",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English cunnan, from Proto-West Germanic *kunnan, from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną.\nPast forms with /d/ (continued in modern could) are due to the influence of the weak past ending.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "can",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "coud",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-irr",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "canst",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "couthest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "coust",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "couthen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "couthe",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "couden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "coude",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cunneth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunnende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "cunned",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "coud",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "conne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "connen",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cun",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "cunne",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "can",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "canne",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
},
{
"form": "kanne",
"raw_tags": [
"from the present singular"
],
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cunnen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "can",
"2": "cunnynge",
"3": "coude",
"4": "coud"
},
"expansion": "cunnen (third-person singular simple present can, present participle cunnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative coude, past participle coud)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "can",
"2": "couth",
"2a": "coud",
"3": "cunn",
"imp_p3": "canne",
"p3": "canne",
"p_2s2": "coust",
"p_part": "cunned",
"p_part2": "coud",
"sub2": "canne",
"y": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-irr"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"To know about (especially a domain of knowledge)"
],
"links": [
[
"know",
"know"
],
[
"about",
"about"
],
[
"knowledge",
"knowledge"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be able to; to have the capability (to do); can."
],
"links": [
[
"be able to",
"be able to"
],
[
"capability",
"capability"
],
[
"can",
"can"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) To be able to; to have the capability (to do); can."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English auxiliary verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To be able to do in the relevant situation; to be available to do."
],
"links": [
[
"situation",
"situation"
],
[
"available",
"available"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(auxiliary) To be able to do in the relevant situation; to be available to do."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkunən/"
}
],
"word": "cunnen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cunnen meaning in Middle English (7.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-05-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-05-01 using wiktextract (8336b26 and ae80fde). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.